Abstract
Speckle variance optical coherence angiography (OCA) was used to characterize the vascular tissue response from craniotomy, window implantation, and electrode insertion in mouse motor cortex. We observed initial vasodilation ~40% greater than original diameter 2-3 days post-surgery (dps). After 4 weeks, dilation subsided in large vessels (>50 µm diameter) but persisted in smaller vessels (25-50 µm diameter). Neovascularization began 8-12 dps and vessel migration continued throughout the study. Vasodilation and neovascularization were primarily associated with craniotomy and window implantation rather than electrode insertion. Initial evidence of capillary re-mapping in the region surrounding the implanted electrode was manifest in OCA image dissimilarity. Further investigation, including higher resolution imaging, is required to validate the finding. Spontaneous lesions also occurred in many electrode animals, though the inception point appeared random and not directly associated with electrode insertion. OCA allows high resolution, label-free in vivo visualization of neurovascular tissue, which may help determine any biological contribution to chronic electrode signal degradation. Vascular and flow-based biomarkers can aid development of novel neural prostheses.
Highlights
Optical coherence angiography (OCA) is an extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT) used to visualize vasculature and detect blood flow in tissue [1,2,3]
Speckle variance optical coherence angiography was used to characterize longitudinal vascular dynamics associated with window surgery and electrode implantation
The study was performed to differentiate the baseline inflammatory response associated with window surgery from the chronic response that may occur from electrode implantation
Summary
Optical coherence angiography (OCA) is an extension of optical coherence tomography (OCT) used to visualize vasculature and detect blood flow in tissue [1,2,3]. It works by sensing temporal variations in intensity or phase, which are primarily associated with moving blood. A range of B-scan intervals can be achieved, within the constraints of the hardware (i.e., camera line rates), by adjusting the lateral pixel sampling density. A high lateral pixel density, along with millisecond B-scan flow-matched time intervals necessitate high-speed optical coherence microscopy (OCM) imaging (line rate of ~100 kHz) in order to resolve the smallest capillaries in tissue
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