Abstract
BackgroundWe estimated longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) z-score and percentile, weight for height (WFH) z-score and percentile, and percentage of the 95th BMI percentile (BMIp95) among low-income Hispanic children ages 2–5 years to provide normative data for this population and compare the behavior of different measures.MethodsLongitudinal height and weight measurements obtained from 18,072 Hispanic children aged 2–5 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in Los Angeles County were analyzed. Trajectories of adiposity-related measures were estimated using mixed models, stratified by sex and BMI percentile at age 2 years.ResultsFor children in the 5th–85th BMI percentile at age 2 years, all adiposity-related measures rose during ages 2–3.5 years; during ages 3.5–5 years, BMI-based measures increased, BMIp95 decreased, and WFH-based measures were stable. For children exceeding the 85th BMI percentile at age 2 years, measures generally trended downward during ages 2–5 years, except for BMIp95, which had variable trends.ConclusionsAdiposity measures changed at different rates as children grew during ages 2–3.5 years compared to ages 3.5–5 years, and different measures displayed different trends. Studies should consider examining multiple measures and focusing on change relative to a comparison group.ImpactTo address the childhood obesity epidemic, information on normative trajectories of adiposity-related measures in at-risk populations of young children is needed.Longitudinal analysis of data collected from low-income Hispanic children during ages 2–5 years revealed different patterns for different adiposity measures and for ages 2–3.5 years versus 3.5–5 years.Child obesity studies should consider examining multiple adiposity measures and focus on change relative to a comparison group to avoid misinterpreting longitudinal patterns.
Highlights
Childhood obesity is prevalent in the United States[1] and worldwide.[2]
The sample of 18,072 children had a mean age at first measurement of 2.5 years (SD 0.3)
Thirty-seven percent (n = 7301) had body mass index (BMI) percentile exceeding the 85th at first measurement, with 8.8% (n = 1585) exceeding the 99th percentile
Summary
Childhood obesity is prevalent in the United States[1] and worldwide.[2]. In the U.S, obesity prevalence ranged from 14% in ages 2–5 years to 21% in ages 12–19 years in 2015–2016.1 Global prevalence of obesity increased from 0.7% to 5.6% in girls in 1975–2016 and from 0.9% to 7.8% in boys aged 5–19 years.[2]. We estimated longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) z-score and percentile, weight for height (WFH) z-score and percentile, and percentage of the 95th BMI percentile (BMIp95) among low-income Hispanic children ages 2–5 years to provide normative data for this population and compare the behavior of different measures. METHODS: Longitudinal height and weight measurements obtained from 18,072 Hispanic children aged 2–5 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children in Los Angeles County were analyzed. Trajectories of adiposity-related measures were estimated using mixed models, stratified by sex and BMI percentile at age 2 years. For children exceeding the 85th BMI percentile at age 2 years, measures generally trended downward during ages 2–5 years, except for BMIp95, which had variable trends. Studies should consider examining multiple measures and focusing on change relative to a comparison group
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