Longitudinal study of viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease.

Kerstin Erles,Joe Brownlie,Edward J Dubovi,Harriet W Brooks

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.10.4524-4529.2004

Abstract

In this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. Despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), respiratory disease was endemic. Tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. The development of PCR assays for the detection of CPIV, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (CHV) is described. Surprisingly, canine adenovirus was not detected in samples from this population, whereas 19.4% of tracheal and 10.4% of lung samples were positive for CPIV and 12.8% of tracheal and 9.6% of lung samples were positive for CHV. As reported previously, a novel canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) was detected in this population (K. Erles, C. Toomey, H. W. Brooks, and J. Brownlie, Virology 310:216-223, 2003). Infections with CRCoV occurred mostly during the first week of a dog's stay at the kennel, whereas CPIV and CHV were detected at later time points. Furthermore, the evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to CPIV and an immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to CHV is described. This study shows that CPIV is present at kennels despite vaccination. In addition, other agents such as CHV and CRCoV may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine respiratory disease, whereas CAV-2 and canine distemper virus were not present in this population, indicating that their prevalence in the United Kingdom is low due to widespread vaccination of dogs.

Highlights

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a disease complex that occurs in dogs usually housed in groups, for example, in rehoming centers, boarding kennels, or veterinary hospitals
Canine adenovirus was not detected in samples from this population, whereas 19.4% of tracheal and 10.4% of lung samples were positive for canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) and 12.8% of tracheal and 9.6% of lung samples were positive for canine herpesvirus (CHV)
The evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to CPIV and an immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to CHV is described

Summary

Introduction

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a disease complex that occurs in dogs usually housed in groups, for example, in rehoming centers, boarding kennels, or veterinary hospitals. The virus that has been most frequently reported to be present is canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) [3, 18] Both canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and CAV-2 have been recovered from dogs suffering from CIRD, but CAV-2 has been more commonly associated with the disease [4, 19]. Since vaccines against CAV, CDV, and CPIV have become more widely used, but despite this, outbreaks of CIRD frequently occur at many kennels. This report describes a longitudinal study of viruses associated with endemic CIRD at a rehoming center. The disease affected the majority of dogs and in some cases led to death despite early use of antibiotic treatment

Methods

Discussion

Conclusion