Longitudinal MRI Shows Progressive Decline in Pancreas Size and Altered Pancreas Shape in Type 1 Diabetes.

Abstract

Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a smaller pancreas, but longitudinal changes in pancreas size and shape are unclear. We monitored changes in pancreas size and shape after diagnosis with T1D. We conducted a prospective cohort study at an academic medical center between 2014 and 2022. Individuals with T1D (n = 91) or controls (n = 90) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pancreas, including longitudinal MRI in 53 individuals with new-onset T1D. Interventions included MRI and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Pancreas size and shape were measured from MRI. For participants who used CGM, measures of glycemic variability were calculated. On longitudinal imaging, pancreas volume and pancreas volume index normalized for body weight declined during the first year after diagnosis. Pancreas volume index continued to decline through the fifth year after diagnosis. A cross-sectional study of individuals with diabetes duration up to 60 years demonstrated that pancreas size in adults negatively correlated with age and disease duration, whereas pancreas volume and pancreas volume index remained stable in controls. Pancreas volume index correlated inversely with low blood glucose index, a measure of risk for hypoglycemia. Pancreas shape was altered in individuals with T1D and further diverged from controls over the first 5 years after diagnosis. Pancreas size and shape are altered in nondiabetic individuals at genetic risk for T1D. Combined pancreas size and shape analysis better distinguished the pancreas of individuals with T1D from controls than size alone. Pancreas size declines most rapidly near the clinical diagnosis of T1D and continues to decline throughout adulthood. Declines in pancreas size are accompanied by changes in pancreas shape.