Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aims to characterize household trends in access to improved water sources and sanitaton in Chi Linh Town, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam, and to identify factors affecting those trends.MethodData were extracted from the Chi Linh Health and Demographic Surveillance System (CHILILAB HDSS) database from 2004–2014, which included household access to improved water sources, household access to improved sanitation, and household demographic data. Descriptive statistical analysis and multinominal logistic regression were used. The results showed that over a 10-year period (2004–2014), the proportion of households with access to improved water and improved sanitation increased by 3.7% and 28.3%, respectively. As such, the 2015 Millennium Development Goal targets for safe drinking water and basic sanitation were met. However, 13.5% of households still had unimproved water and sanitation. People who are retired, work in trade or services, or other occupations were 1.49, 1.97, and 1.34 times more likely to have access to improved water and sanitation facilities than farming households, respectively (p < 0.001). Households living in urban areas were 1.84 times more likely than those living in rural areas to have access to improved water sources and improved sanitation facilities (OR =1.84; 95% CI = 1.73–1.96). Non-poor households were 2.12 times more likely to have access to improved water sources and improved sanitation facilities compared to the poor group (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 2.00–2.25). More efforts are required to increase household access to both improved water and sanitation in Chi Linh Town, focusing on the 13.5% of households currently without access. Similar to situations observed elsewhere in Vietnam and other low- and middle- income countries, there is a need to address socio-economic factors that are associated with inadequate access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities.
Highlights
Access to safe water and basic sanitation is needed to maintain and improve health [1]
Objective: This study aims to characterize household trends in access to improved water sources and sanitaton in Chi Linh Town, Hai Duong Province, Vietnam, and to identify factors affecting those trends
Households living in urban areas were 1.84 times more likely than those living in rural areas to have access to improved water sources and improved sanitation facilities (OR =1.84; 95% CI = 1.73–1.96)
Summary
Access to safe water and basic sanitation is needed to maintain and improve health [1]. There are still currently more than 700 million people, mostly the poor and marginalized people in low- and middle- income countries, that lack access to improved sources of drinking water [5]. Location and socio-economic characteristics including region, living area, wealth index, and the household head’s characteristics (ethnicity, gender, and educational levels) had a strong association with access to improved water and sanitation facilities [7]. Report by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam and UNICEF showed that by 2014, 92% and 79% of the population in Vietnam had access to improved sources of drinking water and sanitation, respectively [8]. When comparing urban-rural locations, more than 90% of urban populations had access to sanitation facilities compared to 73% in rural areas
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