Longitudinal evaluation of tumor microenvironment in rat focal brainstem glioma using diffusion and perfusion MRI.

Abstract

Brainstem gliomas are aggressive and difficult to treat. Growth of these tumors may be characterized with MRI methods. To visualize longitudinal changes in tumor volume, vascular leakiness, and tissue microstructure in an animal model of brainstem glioma. Prospective animal model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 9) were imaged with 9L gliosarcoma cells infused into the pontine reticular formation of the brainstem. The MRI tumor microenvironment was studied at 3 and 10 days postimplantation of tumor cells. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI were performed at 4.7T using spin-echo multislice echo planar imaging and gradient echo multislice imaging, respectively. Tumor leakiness was assessed by the forward volumetric transfer constant, Ktrans , estimated from DCE-MRI data. Tumor structure was evaluated with fractional anisotropy (FA) obtained from DTI. Tumor volumes, delineated by a T1 map, T2 -weighted image, FA, and DCE signal enhancement were compared. Changes in the assessed parameters within and across the groups (ie, rats 3 and 10 days post tumor cell implantation) were evaluated with Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Day 3 tumors were visible mainly on contrast-enhanced images, while day 10 tumors were visible in both contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted images. Mean Ktrans at day 10 was 41% lower than at day 3 (P = 0.23). In day 10 tumors, FA was regionally lower in the tumor compared to normal tissue (P = 0.0004), and tumor volume, segmented based on FA map, was significantly smaller (P ≤ 0.05) than that obtained from other contrasts. Contrast-enhanced MRI was found to be more sensitive in detecting early-stage tumor boundaries than other contrasts. Areas of the tumor outlined by DCE-MRI and DTI were significantly different. Over the observed period of tumor growth, average vessel leakiness decreased with tumor progression. 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1322-1332.