Abstract
BackgroundTo evaluate the impact of parental myopia and outdoor time on myopia among students in Wenzhou.MethodsWe examined 1388 primary students from first grade to third grade in Wenzhou from September 2012 to March 2015. We performed noncycloplegic refractometry on each student every six months and axial length (AL) measurements every year. At the commencement of our study, children were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding near work activity and outdoor activity, whereas parents were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire regarding their background circumstances and their history of myopia.ResultsA total of 1294 students (93.2%) returned for follow-up examinations. Children with initial and final no myopia spent more time on outdoor activities than those with new onset myopia (1.92 vs. 1.81 h/d, p = 0.022), and elongation of AL in children with a high level (> 2.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.22 ± 0.13 mm/Y) was less than those with a low level (≤ 1.5 h/day) of outdoor time (0.24 ± 0.14 mm/Y, p = 0.045). The proportion of rapid myopia progression (≤-0.5D/Y) was 16.7%, 20.2% and 31.5% among the children with no myopic parent, one myopic parent and two myopic parents, respectively (X2 = 28.076, p < 0.001), and the elongation of AL in children among different numbers of myopic parents was significantly different (p < 0.001). A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27–0.88; p = 0.018).ConclusionsIn this sample, parental myopia and outdoor time were associated with myopia in children. A high level of outdoor time was a protective factor for children with one myopic parent.
Highlights
To evaluate the impact of parental myopia and outdoor time on myopia among students in Wenzhou
This rapid increase in the prevalence of myopia among the young generation may lead to myopia becoming one of the main blinding causes in the future because high myopia is associated with myopic maculopathy [4] and an increase in glaucomatous optic neuropathy prevalence [5]
A total of 1388 children were enrolled in this study, and 1294 (93.2%) completed eye examinations and selfadministered questionnaires six times over a 2.5-year period
Summary
To evaluate the impact of parental myopia and outdoor time on myopia among students in Wenzhou. A number of studies suggest that near work and outdoor exposure are significantly associated with children’s myopia problem [9,10,11,12,13]. The time spent outdoors and near work activities had an efficient impact on the development of myopia in school children [1]. Epidemiological studies [14,15,16,17] reported that parental myopia was a risk factor for children’s myopia, and the risk of developing myopia in children was increased with the number of myopic parents. Children with myopic parents exhibited an increased prevalence of myopia, more myopic SER and longer AL. Asian children with parental myopia exhibited more myopic SER and longer AL than those children in European children
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