Abstract
BackgroundVitamin D is critical for bone physiology. In this study, we quantified Vitamin D Binding Protein (VitDBP) levels in saliva as a measure of Vitamin D during orthodontic tooth movement.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, saliva samples were collected from 73 orthodontic patients for 4 timepoints for the first six months of orthodontic treatment, along with dental casts at the beginning and the end of the study period. The saliva was measured for VitDBP as a biological marker for bone apposition and clinical tooth movement. We used the absolute change in Little's Irregularity Index as a quantitative measure for alignment. In addition, we measured the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in saliva as a marker of bone turnover.ResultsBoth low (< 2.75 ng/ml) and high (> 6.48 ng/ml) VitDBP levels were associated with reduced tooth movement. Significant (p < 0.05) seasonal changes in VitDBP using a two-season year model were found with lower levels observed in the summer (Apr–Sept) than in the winter (Oct–Mar).ConclusionsClinically significant orthodontic tooth movement is associated with an optimal range of VitDBP in saliva. Normal levels of VitDBP correlated with more orthodontic tooth movement, suggesting a "normal" range of salivary content of VitDBP. Given the strong trend that is independent of the confounding factors (ex. age, race or gender), the predictive value or salivary VitDBP for tooth movement should be studied in larger cohorts in future studies.
Highlights
Vitamin D is critical for bone physiology
While several studies have focused on the association between orthodontic tooth movement and Vitamin D (VitD) levels, this study addresses the critical gap in knowledge that the orthodontic tooth movement has not been correlated with salivary levels of vitamin D binding protein as a measure of circulating vitamin D. [2, 3, 5, 13, 14, 18, 19]
We identified the impact of confounding factors such as the seasonal effects on Vitamin D Binding Protein (VitDBP) levels, measured the change in VitDBP and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in response to the first six months of orthodontic treatment, and determined the correlation between salivary VitDBP and ALP levels during orthodontic tooth movement
Summary
Vitamin D is critical for bone physiology. In this study, we quantified Vitamin D Binding Protein (VitDBP) levels in saliva as a measure of Vitamin D during orthodontic tooth movement. Vitamin D (VitD) plays a significant role in bone biology and remodeling [1]. It regulates calcium absorption and the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts [2, 3] by producing type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin [2, 4, 5]. The large majority (85–90%) of circulating VitD is bound to VitDBP, 10–15% is loosely bound to serum albumin, and less than 0.03% is found in an unbound and free form [16]. VitDBP has a higher affinity with the 25-OHD form and less with the 1,25-OHD (10–100-fold lower) due to the additional hydroxyl group. VitDBP levels are estimated to be around 20-fold higher than all other VitD forms together [7]. VitDBP presents an ideal candidate for the measurement of VitD in body fluids
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