Abstract
on survival rates in the tropics. Snow (1962a) found that male White-bearded Manakins (Manacus manacus) in Trinidad had an annual survival rate of at least 89%. This was based on a group of established adult males holding courts at a lek, which were followed over a 3-year period. An indirect estimate for the Golden-headed Manakin (Pipra erythrocephala), another lek-forming species, based on the proportions of males, females, and young birds in a trapped population, gave a similar figure (Snow 1962b). Fogden (1972) calculated a minimum annual survival rate of 86% for a sample of birds of many different species trapped in a forest in Sarawak, Borneo. These percentages are far higher than those recorded for European and North American passerines, for which annual survival rates of adults are predominantly in the 30-50% range (Lack 1954, Table 21). They are in fact much closer to the very high survival rates of the larger seabirds. Fogden's figure was based on one year only, during which conditions might have been either better or less good than usual. Snow's data for the manakins were based on
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