Longer Parental Time and Lower Fertility Rate

Abstract

The fertility rates in high-income countries have been lower than the replacement level for decades. We argue that the rising parental time plays an essential role in this fertility rate decline. To this end, we construct an indicator named the parental time share, which links the time use survey data and the opportunity cost of child-rearing, and modify the model of de Silva & Tenreyro (2020) by introducing endogenous parental time share. The modified model analytically shows that the increase in the parental time share depresses the fertility rate and pulls up human capital investment. The quantitative results fit the dynamics of fertility rates, human capital investments, and parental time share in the high-income countries since 1965, confirming the importance of the parental time share in shaping the demographic changes. We also extend the basic model to account for countries at all income levels, presenting a demography opportunity set that describes all the combinations of fertility rates, human capital investments, and parental time shares.div.abstract {font-size: small;margin-top: 0.7ex;margin-bottom: 0.7ex;margin-left: 3ex;margin-right: 3ex;text-align: left;}span.abstract_label {font-weight: bold;font-size: large;text-align: center;}div.abstract {margin: 4ex;}div.abstract_item {font-size: small;padding-top: 1ex;}div.abstract_label {font-weight: bold;