Abstract
Abstract From Classical through early Hellenistic times, the Long Walls established a fortified connection between the inland city of Athens and its harbors. These fortifications, each one some 6 km in length, prevented enemy forces from conquering Athens simply by occupying the coastal plain so as to separate the city from its navy. Ancient literary and epigraphic sources document four major building phases, the first three of which are represented in the archaeological record. Because the structures were directly associated with a naval strategy, one may chart their history broadly based on fluctuations in Athenian naval strength.
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