Long-Term Use of Copper-Containing Fungicide Affects Microbial Properties of Citrus Grove Soils

Abstract

Long-term use of Cu-containing fungicides in citrus groves has resulted in Cu buildup in the soil, but the eff ects of Cu contamination on microbial properties of citrus grove soils remain poorly understood. Th e objective of this study was to investigate the infl uence of long-term application of Cu-containing fungicides on microbial biomass, and bacterial community structure and diversity in fi ve representative commercial citrus groves (5, 21, 27, 36, and 43 yr of planting history, respectively) soils, with one adjacent pasture soil as a reference. With increasing planting time of citrus, Cu concentrations in the soils increased, while microbiological properties including microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), microbial quotient (MQ), and the diversity of operational taxonomic units based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) community fi ngerprinting decreased. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that Cmic, microbial quotient, and bacterial community diversity were aff ected by Cu concentration and other soil properties such as total N and available P, but the eff ect of Cu was dominant. Th ese results indicate that long-term application of Cu-containing fungicides has adverse eff ects on microbial biomass and bacterial community diversity in citrus grove soils. Sequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that a shift of total bacterial community composition occurred as a result of Cu contamination, and the soils of more severely Cu-polluted citrus groves were dominated by bacteria g-Proteobacterium, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and b-Proteobacterium, whereas certain strains of s-Proteobacterium, g-Proteobacterium, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria were the dominant bacteria in the young citrus grove soils. Abbreviations: AP, available P; C mic , microbial biomass carbon; C org , total organic carbon; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; LSD, least signifi cant diff erence; MQ, soil microbial quotient; PCR, polymer chain reaction; SI, Shannon index; TCu, total recoverable Cu; TN, total N; UPGMA, unweighted pair-group method average.