Long-term trends in atmospheric Quercus pollen related to climate change in southern Spain: A 25-year perspective

R López-Orozco,H García-Mozo,J Oteros,C Galán

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118637

R López-Orozco, H García-Mozo + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118637

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Abstract

Long-term trends of atmospheric Quercus pollen recorded for 25 years (1995–2019) in southern Spain (Cordoba city, Andalusia region) have been studied to determine the influence of climate fluctuations and other anthropogenic factors on Mediterranean oak vegetation areas. Atmospheric pollen analysis revealed different changes on reproductive Quercus phenology through the study period. Pollination intensity showed an average cumulated value of the Main Pollen Season Integral of 12,832 Pollen * day/m3, with a high variability among years (±SD 8,048) and a significant rising trend of 771 pollen grains per year, being stronger in recent years (2014–2019). It was remarkable the high quantity of Quercus pollen grains detected out of the Main Pollen Season (703 Pollen * day/m3 ± SD 431), also increasing in recent years.Regarding Quercus phenology, results indicated as the main Quercus species in the area, Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (holm oak), Q. coccifera, Q. faginea and Q. suber, presented a gradually pollination during spring (from mid-March to early June), although a lengthening of the pollination season is observed in recent years. This phenomenon could be explained by the progressive delay in the pollination of Q. suber. Regarding climate factors, a decrease in rainfall, especially during winter and autumn was recorded, along with colder winters but warmer springs, summers, and autumns. These changes were significantly correlated with pollination timing and intensity. The climate parameters most affecting were those related to temperature and sunshine. However, the total annual pollen showed a significant negative correlation with the annual recorded rainfall. Results show that recent climatic change, among other factors, are leading to changes in the timing and intensity of the Quercus pollen season in the Mediterranean area.

Highlights

The present study analyzes atmospheric Quercus pollen data from a long-term database comprising 25 years (1995–2019) recorded in southern Spain
Regarding the timing of the Main Pollen Season (MPS), it usually started around midMarch and finished around late May, in some years it extended into the first fortnight of June
Arboreal species, and especially those that flower in early spring, would appear to be the most sensitive to these changes. This is the case of the Quercus genus in southern Spain. The study of their airborne pollen trends during the recent 25 years provides an excellent opportunity to obtain a better understanding of the state of conservation and evolution of both the Mediterranean forest and the ‘dehesa’ ecosystems in this area, which are greatly affected by anthropization and climate change (Gea-Izquierdo and Canellas, 2014; Camarero et al, 2016; Lopez-Sanchez et al, 2016)

Summary

Introduction

The present study analyzes atmospheric Quercus pollen data from a long-term database comprising 25 years (1995–2019) recorded in southern Spain. The study of long-term pollen databases of anemophilous species provides useful information to understand the impact that changes in ecosystems, biodiversity or land cover can have on plant phenology (Damialis et al, 2007; Gar cía-Mozo et al, 2016; Schramm et al, 2021). This sort of database is scarce due to the difficulty of uninterrupted daily sampling because of the economical and human resource cost related to the continuous optical analysis (Galan and Thibaudon, 2020)

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