Abstract
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) for domestic uses is widely regarded as an economic and ecological solution in water conservation and storm management programs. This paper aims at evaluating long-term trends in 20-day cumulative rainfall periods per year in Poland, for assessing its impact on the design and operation conditions for RWH systems and resource availability. The time-series employed corresponds to a set of 50-year long time-series of rainfall (from 1970 to 2019) recorded at 19 synoptic meteorological stations scattered across Poland, one of the European countries with the lowest water availability index. The methods employed for assessing trends were the Mann–Kendall test (M–K) and the Sen’s slope estimator. Most of the datasets exhibit stationary behaviour during the 50-year long period, however, statistically significant downward trends were detected for precipitations in Wrocław and Opole. The findings of this study are valuable assets for integrated water management and sustainable planning in Poland.
Highlights
As in many areas across the world, Poland is currently experiencing a deficit in water resources.The freshwater resources per capita have decreased from an average of 1839.3 m3 to less than 1600 m3 [1]
This paper presents a general model for analysing residential rainwater harvesting system (RWH) systems to assess the impact
The study analysed the presence of trends in the rainfall time-series for 19 cities in Poland for years 1970–2019, from the perspective of design and operation of RWH systems
Summary
As in many areas across the world, Poland is currently experiencing a deficit in water resources.The freshwater resources per capita have decreased from an average of 1839.3 m3 (for the period1946–2011) to less than 1600 m3 [1]. As in many areas across the world, Poland is currently experiencing a deficit in water resources. While mountain and foothill areas are relatively abundant in water, shortages of this resource are already occurring in the lowlands [7]. As for the average monthly precipitations, the lowest values correspond to the winter months from December to February (an average of 34.9 mm/month) and the highest occurring in the summer months from June to August (an average of 73.4 mm/month). This distribution is characteristic of Poland’s climatic zone
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