Long term survival of hypoplastic left heart syndrome infants: Meta-analysis comparing outcomes from the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt and the right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt

Abstract

BackgroundStage 1 palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) involves the Norwood procedure combined with a modified Blalock–Taussig shunt (mBTS) or right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS). Short-term survival has been described previously, whereas longer-term outcomes remain a subject of debate. This meta-analysis aimed to describe the short and long-term survival outcomes of these two shunts, and explore factors that might influence survival. MethodsMedline, Cochrane Libraries and EMBASE were systematically searched, and 32 studies were included for statistical synthesis, comprising 1348 mBTS and 1258 RVPAS patients. ResultsWhile early in-hospital survival was superior in the RVPAS group (RR=1.5, p<0.05, 95% CI: 1.21–1.85), this difference was lost from 2years post-stage 1 palliation (RR=0.91, p>0.05, 95% CI: 0.79–1.04), and maintained unchanged up to 6years. This shift in survival was also reflected in inter-stage survival, with superior RVPAS outcomes between stage 1 and 2 (RR=1.62, p<0.05, 95% CI: 1.39–1.88), and equivalent outcomes between stage 2 and 3. Potential contributors to this included a significantly higher rate of pulmonary artery stenosis in the RVPAS group and an increased requirement for shunt re-intervention in this group prior to stage 2. ConclusionsDespite early advantages, RVPAS and mBTS for palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome produced comparable long-term survival. The RVPAS patients experienced more pulmonary artery stenosis and requirement for shunt re-intervention. The impact of shunt type on quality and survival with a Fontan is yet to be assessed.