Abstract
Simple SummaryGoats are a useful model species to explore the effects of ontogenesis on the socio-cognitive abilities of domestic non-companion animals. The aim of this research was to study the behavioral response of goats with different socialization backgrounds to humans in the impossible task paradigm. Two groups of goats (high and low levels of socialization) were tested. Highly socialized goats interacted more with humans (the experimenter) during the test, while the low socialization group exhibited a higher level of interaction with the exit door.Throughout their evolutionary history, humans have tried to domesticate a variety of wild terrestrial mammals, resulting in a limited number that has been successfully domesticated. Among these domesticated species, domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are a useful model species to study the effects of ontogenesis on the socio-cognitive abilities of domestic non-companion animals in their interactions with humans. To this end, the behavioral responses of two groups of goats with a different background of human socialization (high and low socialization) were compared in the impossible task test, an experimental paradigm aimed to study socio-cognitive skills and the tendency to interact with humans. Our results show that, when the task became impossible to solve, goats with a higher level of socialization interacted with the experimenter for a greater amount of time than subjects in the low socialization group, whereas the latter group exhibited increased door directed behavior. Overall, highly socialized goats made more social contact with humans compared to the other group in the impossible task paradigm.
Highlights
After shifting from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agricultural societies, humans started to domesticate different animal and plant species [1]
Humans have tried to domesticate a variety of wild terrestrial mammals, most of which were successfully tamed; for several reasons, only about 10% were successfully domesticated [4]
We provide a comparison between goats that are highly socialized from early life and
Summary
After shifting from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to agricultural societies, humans started to domesticate different animal and plant species [1]. This process required rapid genetic change under anthropogenic-driven pressure, whereby some individuals of the species diverged from their wild ancestors [2,3]. Humans have tried to domesticate a variety of wild terrestrial mammals, most of which were successfully tamed; for several reasons, only about 10% were successfully domesticated [4]. Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are among the most studied domestic mammals with respect to the effect of domestication on socio-cognitive skills when interacting with humans. Two theories aim to explain how dogs improved such abilities, i.e., the “Domestication Hypothesis” [5,6,7]
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