Abstract
Trees were pruned by removing 1, 2, or 3 leader limbs per year or not pruned from 1975 through 1993. Cuts were made flush with another limb below 9 m from the ground. Pruning induced trees to respond like younger trees. Pruning increased leaf N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, vigor, color intensity, terminal growth, nut size, and nuts per terminal. Kernel grade was reduced slightly by pruning. Yield was reduced by two or three pruning cuts per year, but not by one cut. Pruned trees were lower, more spreading, and more efficient to spray. Removal of one leader per year satisfactorily held the tree within the 21.3 × 21.3 m spacing without reducing yield. The lower height of pruned trees should decrease loss from high winds. All pruned trees survived a hurricane and a small tornado, while many unpruned trees in the area were blown down.
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