Abstract
Ecological processes modulate ecosystem functioning and services. Foundation species are those exerting intense control on such processes as both their existence and loss have profound implications on the structure of ecological communities. For the distinction between random fluctuations and directional regime shifts in community composition, long-term records are of strategic need. In this study we present the monitoring of benthic hard-bottom communities over 11 years along seven stations in the SW Baltic Sea. Regional differences were found between the communities of Kiel and Lübeck bights, with the former area displaying signs of regime shift. The decline and near disappearance of the foundational species Mytilus edulis from settlement panels deployed in Kiel Bight correlated with three environmental variables: sea surface temperature, water current speed and chlorophyll a concentration. Thus, low spring temperatures, in some cases reinforced by local maxima of chlorophyll a, correlated with reduced recruitment of Mytilus. Moreover, regional differences of larval dispersal and population connectivity could explain the rapid recovery after disturbance of the mussel populations in Lübeck Bight in contrast to Kiel Bight. Our findings underscore the relevance of long-term monitoring programmes to detect the interactive impacts of global climatic and regional environmental drivers.
Highlights
The health of marine ecosystems relies on the maintenance of ecological processes
The genera were classified into 10 different functional groups
Functional richness increased non-linearly with taxonomic richness (p < 0.001, Fig. 2), based on comparison of Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) calculated for a non-linear (AIC = 200.4) and a linear regression (AIC = 227.5)
Summary
The health of marine ecosystems relies on the maintenance of ecological processes. These processes depend on the structure of ecological communities, which affect ecosystem functioning (Duarte et al, 2018). Certain species have disproportional influence on the structure of communities and the functioning of ecosystems (Loreau et al, 2001). Such species are considered foundation species (Dayton, 1972). Seagrasses, canopy-forming macrophytes or mussels are examples of foundation species in marine systems (Jenkins et al, 1999; Altieri and Witman, 2006; Hughes et al, 2009)
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