Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate long-term performance of a full-scale integrated constructed wetland (CW) system for advanced treatment of sanitary and industrial mixed wastewater. The system consisted of a vertical subsurface flow (VSF) CW, a free water surface (FWS) CW, and a horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) CW in series. Results from six-year operation showed that the system resulted in average removal efficiencies of 70%, 70%, 34%, 52%, 45%, 74%, 21%, 43%, and 98% for COD, NH4-N, NO3-N, TN, TP, TSS, F−, Ni, and E. coli, respectively. Especially, NH4-N was effectively removed by the VSF CW. With relatively high hydraulic loading rates (18.0–43.6cmd−1) and short hydraulic retention times (1.04–2.51 d), the removal efficiencies of the system were quite stable for most of the water quality parameters, while the removal efficiency of TN increased from 49% to 60% during the six years. The removal efficiencies of the system were generally stable with the change of seasons. This study demonstrates that the VSF+FWS+HSF CW system can be a valuable approach for advanced wastewater treatment to meet the more stringent discharge requirement.
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