Abstract
Transvenous implantation of a left ventricular (LV) pacing lead is the standard approach to deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) but fails in 5-10% of procedures. Surgical implantation of a LV epicardial lead represents an alternative approach to deliver CRT to patients with failed transvenous lead insertion or to individuals with other indications for cardiac surgery and anticipated need for CRT or pacing in the future. Long-term data on the performance and safety of epicardial pacing leads remain scarce.
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