Abstract
The Fusarium fungi produce toxic substances called mycotoxins, which can cause disease and harmful effects in grains, livestock, and humans. Deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is one of the Fusarium mycotoxins that is known to cause vomiting in livestock. This study shows the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in feedstuffs (compound feed and feed ingredients) between 2009 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 653 domestic samples were collected at five time points, including 494 compound feed samples and 159 feed ingredient samples. DON contamination levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pretreatment using an immunoaffinity column (IAC). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were estimated at 1–10 µg/kg and 3–35 µg/kg, respectively. Two compound feeds (two gestating sow feed samples) out of 160 pig feed samples exceeded the European Commission (EC) guidance value, while no feed ingredient samples exceeded the EC or South Korean guidance values. There were statistically significant differences in the mean contamination levels of compound feed and feed ingredients that indicated a decreasing trend over time.
Highlights
Mycotoxins produced from Fusarium species are a serious problem for grains and maize, and many researchers have reported that Fusarium toxins may affect livestock and humans in various countries [1,2]
Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by various Fusarium genera that are classified into A, B, C, and D type groups according to their chemical properties
A clear peak for DON was observed on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coefficient was calculated to be over based on thecolumn standard curve chromatogram by pretreatment using0.999 an immunoaffinity (IAC)
Summary
Mycotoxins produced from Fusarium species are a serious problem for grains and maize, and many researchers have reported that Fusarium toxins may affect livestock and humans in various countries [1,2]. 28% of all analyzed samples including soybean meal, wheat, corn, finished feed samples, and dried samples, and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) from the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The European Commission (EC) provided recommended guidance values for mycotoxins in animal feed for aflatoxin (AF), ochratoxin (OCT), and other Fusarium mycotoxins. In South Korea, the guidance level for managed aflatoxin, DON, and fumonisins (FUM) in feeds [19]. Levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in feed have been controlled based continuous monitoring results and the EC’s recommended guidance values. In 2012, 15,350 tons of feed ingredients were imported by South Korea from many countries such as China, USA, Europe, Canada, South Africa, South East Asia, Australia, and India [21]. - Complementary and complete feed stuffs for calves (
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