Abstract
The present work focuses on the long-term coastal monitoring of the Atlantic surface inflow into the Mediterranean basin through the Strait of Gibraltar. Hourly current maps provided during 2016–2017 by a High Frequency radar (HFR) system were used to characterize the Atlantic Jet (AJ) since changes in its speed and direction modulate the upper-layer circulation of the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG). The AJ pattern was observed to follow a marked seasonal cycle. A stronger AJ flowed north-eastwards during autumn and winter, while a weaker AJ was directed more southwardly during the middle of the year, reaching a minimum of intensity during summertime. A strong relationship between AJ speeds and angles was evidenced: the AJ appeared to be frequently locked at an angle around 63°, measured clockwise from the North. The AJ speed usually fluctuated between 50 cm·s−1 and 170 cm·s−1, with occasional drops below 50 cm·s−1 which were coincident with abrupt modifications in AJ orientation. Peaks of current speed clearly reached values up to 250 cm·s−1, regardless of the season. A number of persistent full reversal episodes of the surface inflow were analyzed in terms of triggering synoptic conditions and the related wind-driven circulation patterns. High sea level pressures and intense (above 10 m·s−1), permanent and spatially-uniform easterlies prevailed over the study domain during the AJ collapse events analyzed. By contrast, tides seemed to play a secondary role by partially speeding up or slowing down the westward currents, depending on the phase of the tide. A detailed characterization of this unusual phenomenon in the Strait of Gibraltar is relevant from diverse aspects, encompassing search and rescue operations, the management of accidental marine pollution episodes or efficient ship routing.
Highlights
The Strait of Gibraltar (SoG hereinafter), the unique connection between the semi-enclosed Mediterranean basin and the open Atlantic Ocean, is characterized by a two-layer baroclinic exchange which is hydraulically controlled at Camarinal Sill (Figure 1a)
As the Western Anticyclonic Gyre (WAG) owes its existence to the input of new Atlantic waters provided by the Atlantic Jet (AJ), both structures are widely considered to be coupled and usually referred to as the AJ-WAG system [1]
The study domain includes an array of three coastal buoys and a tide-gauge operated by Puertos del Estado (Figure 1b), providing quality-controlled hourly-averaged observations of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), respectively
Summary
The Strait of Gibraltar (SoG hereinafter), the unique connection between the semi-enclosed Mediterranean basin and the open Atlantic Ocean, is characterized by a two-layer baroclinic exchange which is hydraulically controlled at Camarinal Sill (Figure 1a). Recent research with this HFR network successfully investigated the water exchange between Algeciras Bay (Figure 1a) and the SoG [19], the impact of the atmospheric pressure fluctuations on the mesoscale water dynamics of the SoG and the Alboran Sea [20], or the dominant modes of spatio-temporal variability of the surface circulation [21].
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