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Abstract
People who suffer a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have heterogeneous symptoms and disease trajectories, which make it difficult to precisely assess long-term complications. This pilot study assessed and compared deficits in cognitive, psychosocial, visual functions, and balance performance between college students with and without histories of mTBI. Global DNA methylation ratio (5-mC%) in blood was also compared as a peripheral epigenetic marker. Twenty-five volunteers participated, including 14 healthy controls (64.3% females; mean age of 22.0) and 11 mTBI cases (27.3% females; mean age of 28.7 years) who self-reported mTBI history (63.6% multiple; 2.5 ± 1.29 injuries) with 7.1 years on average elapsed following the last injury. Every participant was assessed for cognitive (executive function, memory, and processing speed), psychological (depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances), and visual function (by King–Devick and binocular accommodative tests); force-plate postural balance performance; and blood 5-mC% levels. Students with mTBI showed poorer episodic memory, severe anxiety, and higher blood 5-mC% ratio, compared to controls (all p’s < 0.05), which were still significant after adjusting for age. No differences were detected in sleep problems (after adjusting for age), visual function, and postural balance. These findings identified changes in multiple functions and peripheral epigenetics long after mTBI.
Highlights
Mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion, is the most common type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and defined as a traumatically induced physiological disruption of brain function [1], following an injury to the brain
MTBI cases consisted of 11 individuals (27.3% females; mean age of 28.7 years, SD = 5.92) with a self-reported history of single or multiple injuries (63.6% multiple; 2.5 ± 1.29 injuries)
Post Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), college students suffered from psychosocial complications long after the injury, anxiety and sleep disturbances based on Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures
Summary
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, is the most common type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and defined as a traumatically induced physiological disruption of brain function [1], following an injury to the brain. Of nearly 2.8 million TBI cases in the US [2], mTBI accounts for over. The injury is classified as ‘mild’, mTBI can cause multifaceted and persistent functional impairments. Such persistent and chronic, often untreated, impairments can severely disturb. Sci. 2020, 10, 4131 the quality of life of affected individuals [6]. While most post-mTBI functional deficits may recover in 3 to 6 months [7], up to 40% of affected individuals [8,9,10] suffer from persistent functional impairments and 25% cannot return to work 1 year post-injury [9], which causes $76.5 billion in economic impact [11]
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