Abstract
SARS-Cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) that initially came to notice in December 2019 is the agent responsible for COVID-19 is still spreading rapidly worldwide and it is presently a potent danger to the world and also to the economy. Patients with COVID-19 are still at risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, and death. Those patients whose aged more than sixty years with comorbidities, children, and healthcare workers are highly vulnerable to this virus patient shows various symptoms most commonly cough, fever, difficulty in breathing, fatigue, sore throat. The infection could be categorized into three stages: mild infection, the pulmonary stage, and the inflammatory stage. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it has been clear that infection caused due to SARS-Cov-2 might be responsible for the unpredicted long-term health consequences. In addition to this, it has acute respiratory manifestations, adversely SARS-Cov-2 also affects the other organ systems. However, there is limited to the management of COVID-19 related conditions of the extrapulmonary systems. After recovery, patients remain at risk for lung disease, heart disease, and mental ailment. There may be long-term consequences of adverse effects they observed in the course of COVID-19 and during its treatment. This review provided information about the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 that may impair the urinary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematological, hematopoietic, neurological, or reproductive systems. Also, the main purpose of this article is to describe the current concern of the extra pulmonary complications that were caused due to COVID-19 and also to improve the management and diagnosis of these patients.
Highlights
The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was mainly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), lately, it has become a global pandemic and public health problem in all countries [1,2,3]
The virus enters into host cells through the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) due to this lungs are the most affected organ by COVID-19, which is most profuse in type-II alveolar cells of the lungs [4]
According to the study of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients, patients were quarantined at the Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China between January to February 2020, including 24 patients who were critically ill and 126 patients who were severely ill, Chen et al [27] reported that approximately 20% of these patients had exhibit signs of myocardial injury as showed by increases in plasma N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and cardiac troponin I levels [11]
Summary
The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was mainly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), lately, it has become a global pandemic and public health problem in all countries [1,2,3]. Based on the available evidence, we can conclude the following considerations: (a) AKI is not uncommon in patients with COVID‐19, especially in those with severe COVID‐19; patients can present with proteinuria early or at hospital admission, while AKI often develops in later stages of the viral disease (i.e., critically ill patients) and is observed as an early sign of multiple organ dysfunction; (b)AKI can be related to the virus‐related complications like asphyxia and shock; (c) the precise incidence of AKI in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients is not known; it is reasonable to assume that AKI is more common in critically ill patients than in those with mild COVID‐19 disease; and (d) COVID‐19 patients have a prior history of chronic kidney disease are more probable to develop AKI; and (e) COVID‐19 patients with AKI have a poorer chance of recovery.
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