Abstract
BackgroundPhysical inactivity is a significant predictor of several chronic diseases, becoming more prevalent as people age. Since the aging population increases demands on healthcare budgets, effectively stimulating physical activity (PA) against acceptable costs is of major relevance. This study provides insight into long-term health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a tailored PA intervention among adults aged over fifty.MethodsIntervention participants (N = 1729) received tailored advice three times within four months, targeting the psychosocial determinants of PA. The intervention was delivered in different conditions (i.e. print-delivered versus Web-based, and with or without additional information on local PA opportunities). In a clustered RCT, the effects of the different intervention conditions were compared to each other and to a control group. Effects on weekly Metabolic Equivalents (MET)-hours of PA obtained one year after the intervention started were extrapolated to long-term outcomes (5-year, 10-year and lifetime horizons) in terms of health effects and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and its effect on healthcare costs, using a computer simulation model. Combining the model outcomes with intervention cost estimates, this study provides insight into the long-term cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated.ResultsFor all extrapolated time horizons, the printed and the Web-based intervention resulted in decreased incidence numbers for diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, acute myocardial infarctions, and stroke and increased QALYs as a result of increased PA. Considering a societal Willingness-to-Pay of €20,000/QALY, on a lifetime horizon the printed (ICER = €7,500/QALY) as well as the Web-based interventions (ICER = €10,100/QALY) were cost-effective. On a 5-year time horizon, the Web-based intervention was preferred over the printed intervention. On a 10-year and lifetime horizon, the printed intervention was the preferred intervention condition, since the monetary savings of the Web-based intervention did no longer outweigh its lower effects. Adding environmental information resulted in a lower cost-effectiveness.ConclusionA tailored PA intervention in a printed delivery mode, without environmental information, has the most potential for being cost-effective in adults aged over 50.Trial registrationThe current study was registered at the Dutch Trial Register (NTR2297; April 26th 2010).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1099) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Physical inactivity is a significant predictor of several chronic diseases, becoming more prevalent as people age
Combining the model outcomes with intervention cost estimates, this study provides insight into long-term cost-effectiveness of the intervention expressed in costs per quality adjusted life year (QALY)
Participants in the control group and the printed environmental intervention were significantly older than participants in the Web-based basic (p = .001; p = .002) and the Web-based environmental intervention (p < .001; p < .001); printed basic intervention participants were significantly older than Web-based environmental participants (p = .001)
Summary
Physical inactivity is a significant predictor of several chronic diseases, becoming more prevalent as people age. Since the aging population increases demands on healthcare budgets, effectively stimulating physical activity (PA) against acceptable costs is of major relevance. Colman and Walker [6] estimated that in a population of 10 million people, where half of the population is too inactive to enjoy health benefits from PA, the costs of insufficient PA can be up to €910 million a year [6]. Older people especially face physical disabilities more often, resulting in substantial (perceived) barriers to PA Among this group physical inactivity is associated with greater risk of serious health problems [1,10]. Since the aging population places increasing demands on healthcare budgets [11,12], effectively stimulating PA with interventions against acceptable costs among older adults is of major relevance. Research has shown that even modest increases in PA produce substantial health benefits and decreased mortality [13], and that improvements in PA result in savings in health care costs, even within a year [14]
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