Long-Term Follow-up of Osteoarthritis in Three Humboldt Penguins Treated with Acupuncture

Abstract

Humboldt penguins, (Spheniscus humbolti) are medium-sized penguins from the rocky shores of Chile and Peru. Their lifespan in the wild is 20-25 years and in captivity 20-30 years. Three geriatric penguins at the Santa Barbara Zoological Park displayed various degrees of lameness and decreased swim time in their pool. Radiographs revealed osteoarthritis in numerous joints. Conventional treatments with various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were minimally effective at improving their mobility. The penguins were part of a zoo rookery and were not used to being handled. The traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) examinations were kept brief and treatments done under the supervision of the zoo veterinary staff. The three penguins received a TCVM Pattern diagnosis of Kidney Qi Deficiency with local Stagnation in various joints. Dry needle acupuncture treatments utilizing minimal restraint were administered monthly for a year. Between acupuncture treatments, conventional medication was also administered. During the year of treatment, the geriatric penguins’ quality of life showed some improvement. One of the penguin’s mobility improved enough to again swim in the pool and catch fish during the feeding sessions. The other two penguins demonstrated some mild improvement with their mobility on land and swam more frequently in the pool. These improvements allowed them to remain part of their colony.