Abstract
Extensive use of triclosan (2,4,4′‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxydiphenyl ether) as an antimicrobial agent in household and personal care products has resulted in global exposure of the human population. Its presence in human tissues, including milk, and its oestrogen‐disrupting properties raise concerns for an involvement in breast cancer. Because metastatic tumour spread is the main cause of breast cancer mortality, we have investigated the effects of triclosan on cell migration and invasion using three human breast epithelial cell lines and using concentrations comparable with those in human tissues. Long‐term exposure to 10−7 M of triclosan resulted in increased migration and invasion as measured by xCELLigence technology for all three cell lines, for the immortalized but nontransformed MCF‐10F breast epithelial cells (after 28 weeks), the oestrogen‐responsive MCF‐7 breast cancer cells (after 17 weeks) and the oestrogen‐unresponsive MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells (after 20 weeks). The effects were therefore not limited to cancerous cells or to oestrogen‐responsive cells. This was paralleled in the MCF‐10F and MCF‐7 (but not MDA‐MB‐231) cells by a reduction in levels of E‐cadherin mRNA as measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and of E‐cadherin protein as measured by western immunoblotting, suggesting a mechanism involving epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. This adds triclosan to the increasing list of ingredients of personal care products that can not only enter human breast tissue and increase cell proliferation but also influence cell motility. If mixtures of components in household and personal care products contribute to increasing cell migration and invasion, then reduction in exposure could offer a strategy for reducing breast cancer spread.
Highlights
The human population is extensively exposed to triclosan (2,4,40trichloro-20-hydroxydiphenyl ether) through its widespread use as an antimicrobial agent in consumer goods (Halden et al, 2017)
Because metastatic tumour spread is the main cause of breast cancer mortality, we have investigated the effects of triclosan on cell migration and invasion using three human breast epithelial cell lines and using concentrations comparable with those in human tissues
These results have shown that long-term exposures of three human breast epithelial cell lines to 10−7 M concentrations of triclosan result in increased migratory and invasive activity of the cells
Summary
The human population is extensively exposed to triclosan (2,4,40trichloro-20-hydroxydiphenyl ether) through its widespread use as an antimicrobial agent in consumer goods (Halden et al, 2017). Other oestrogenic constituents of personal care products that may contribute include the alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) used as preservatives, some of the chemical UV filters, aluminium salts used as antiperspirant, some components of fragrance and components of conditioning such as the cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) (Darbre, 2019). All these chemicals, possess other adverse properties in addition to the endocrine-disrupting activities, one of which is their ability to increase motility of human breast cancer cells. We report here effects on motility of breast epithelial cells over a longer, more environmentally relevant time course (up to 30 weeks), using lower and more environmentally relevant concentrations (10−7 M) and in the presence of oestradiol, using oestrogenunresponsive as well as oestrogen-responsive breast cancer cells and using nontransformed as well as transformed breast epithelial cells
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