Long-term exposure to ambient black carbon is associated with sleep disturbance in college students

Abstract

BackgroundEvidence suggests an association of air pollution with sleep quality. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the effect of black carbon, a key component of ambient particulate matter, on sleep. ObjectivesTo investigate the association of long-term exposure to black carbon and sleep quality in a group of college students. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in five universities in different regions of China. The concentrations of black carbon and other environment factors were defined as the averages during the 6 years prior to the recruitment. Averagely daily dose of black carbon exposure was estimated according to the respiratory rate. Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) with a cutoff >5 indicating sleep disturbance. Linear regression and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association. The sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of 1-month, 6-month and 1-year mean levels of exposure to black carbon on sleep quality. ResultsA total of 20,053 incoming college students were included. 29.3% reported impaired sleep quality, with a mean PSQI score of 4.3 ± 2.2. The logistic regression showed that the risk of impaired sleep quality was positively associated with black carbon exposure, especially in the highest quantile (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.11–1.43) compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. Subgroup analysis showed that the effect of black carbon on sleep quality was stronger in participants with higher BMI, lower household income, and lower parental educational level. The results of sensitivity analyses were similar with main analyses. ConclusionLong-term exposure to black carbon is associated with sleep disturbance in college students. Improvement of air quality may help improve sleep quality.