Abstract
In Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), a high percentage of the forest area is located on poor soils with low buffering capacity. Extensive liming applications were performed to compensate for the negative consequences of acid deposition. In 1988, three experimental sites with untreated control plots and different liming treatments were established in coniferous stands to investigate the effectiveness of liming on acidification and its effect on forest ecosystems. Measuring deposition and seepage waters for 24 years allowed for calculating long-term acid-base budgets. The original approach was expanded by data from a detailed sampling of the forest stand and mineral weathering rates. Without liming, the acid load exceeded the buffer capacity by base cation release from silicate weathering during the whole observation period. As a result, there was a high release of aluminum. After liming seepage water output of organic anions, nitrate and sulfate increased in some cases, leading to a higher acid load. However, the carbonates of dolomitic limestone compensated for a higher acid load, resulting in less aluminum released compared to the control plots. Until sulfate output by seepage water declines and nitrogen emissions are reduced, liming and restricted biomass harvesting are required for forest stands on base poor soils to prevent further acidification, decline of nutrient stocks, and the destruction of clay minerals.
Highlights
We investigated the acterize the forest ecosystems of be theobserved three experimental sites by the different processes mobilization of aluminum could in the control plots without liming, which causing the fluxes of acidity and to quantify soil acidification without and with different would indicate that proton production processes exceeded the proton consumption by dosages of dolomitic limestone
The Mb cation input by mineral weathering and deposition is on all control plots not high enough to compensate the loss by seepage water and uptake by the forest stand
During the 24 years, the control plots show that the acid load noticeably exceeds the the incorporation of more cations into the biomass
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. We investigated the acterize the forest ecosystems of be theobserved three experimental sites by the different processes mobilization of aluminum could in the control plots without liming, which causing the fluxes of acidity and to quantify soil acidification without and with different would indicate that proton production processes exceeded the proton consumption by dosages of dolomitic limestone. Important questions include did the liming cations (=Ca, K, Mg, Na) In this case, proton consumption is carried out partially by treatments counter the effects of acidification in the long term without the negative the weathering of Al, Mn and Fe (M cations) oxides causing the destabilization of clay consequences of nitrate mobilization?a These questions will be answered by input-output minerals [20]. The effects of acidification in the long term without the negative consequences of nitrate mobilization? These questions will be answered by input-output budgeting
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