Abstract
A mangrove ecosystem is an important option in Ecosystem based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR). The effectiveness of an artificial mangrove landfill in reducing tidal amplitudes was studied by performing a coupled numerical model that simulated wave propagation and soil consolidation. The constructed model simulated the propagation of tide over an artificial landfill that was subjected to land subsidence, sea-level rise, vegetation growth, and sediment deposition. A case study analysis confirmed that the tidal amplitudes are reduced if the initial elevation of the landfill is appropriately considered to achieve an equilibrium state of the landfill over its lifetime. Sediment deposition may be the only dependable source to sustain the surface elevation of a mangrove with relative sea-level rise. Sediment deposition is important to promote vegetation growth, which in turn contributes to sedimentation by enhancing a tranquil hydrodynamic environment. An insufficient initial elevation of the landfill will result in less effective protection against tidal propagation after it substantially subsides.
Highlights
Mangrove forests and their artificial landfills are expected to act as natural buffers against hydrodynamic disturbances such as ocean tides, high waves, tsunamis, and storm surges
This study investigates the application of mangrove forests on a landfill as a countermeasure for reducing tidal influence in urban areas, which are undergoing a rapid land subsidence
This study evaluates tidal propagations over mangrove landfills to quantify the effectiveness of mangroves in attenuating their amplitudes, with particular emphasis on the long-term evolution associated with sea-level rise, land subsidence, vegetation growth, and sediment deposition
Summary
Mangrove forests and their artificial landfills are expected to act as natural buffers against hydrodynamic disturbances such as ocean tides, high waves, tsunamis, and storm surges. Coastal flooding could be reduced by constructing a mangrove plantation zone, which will cause a reduction in flow velocity and an increase in flow smoothing effects [1]. Vegetation mitigates wave impacts as the density and diameter of plants increase. The function of mangroves has drawn worldwide attention as an Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR). Eco-DRR is defined as the “sustainable management, conservation and restoration of ecosystems to reduce disaster risk, with the aim to achieve sustainable and resilient development”. The appropriate management of ecosystems is expected to reduce disaster risk as well as climatic risks [8,9,10]. The effectiveness of an ecosystem in reducing hydrodynamic impacts needs to be evaluated to realize appropriate the Eco-DRR response. Despite enormous funds being dedicated to the planting of mangrove forests over recent decades in the Philippines, the survival rates of mangroves are only 10–20% [4]
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