Abstract
Urine analysis via a toilet-based device can enable continuous health monitoring, a transformation away from hospital-based care towards more proactive medicine. To enable reliable sample collection for a toilet-attached analyzer, here a novel sample collector is proposed. The applicability of the proposed sample collector is validated for long-term use. Geometric parameters of the 3D-printed sample collector are optimized. The collected and leftover volumes are quantified for a range of urination speeds and design parameters. For long-term cyclic use, the protein concentrations of samples are quantified and the effectiveness of washing the sample collector is assessed.
Highlights
Urine analysis via a toilet-based device can enable continuous health monitoring, a transformation away from hospital-based care towards more proactive medicine
To make urine collection discrete, burden-free, and able to be done in the privacy of one’s own restroom, we propose to develop a urine sample collector that can be mounted to a regular toilet bowl
The urine sample collector was designed as a reservoir that is easy to target while a person is urinating
Summary
Urine analysis via a toilet-based device can enable continuous health monitoring, a transformation away from hospital-based care towards more proactive medicine. A revolution of the healthcare industry is imminent: a transformation from reactive, hospital-center care to a proactive, person-centered approach[1] Such a change requires a commensurate initiative to develop and implement affordable, easy-to-use technologies capable of continuous health monitoring. Despite the ubiquitous use of health trackers (such as smart watches/bracelets or smartphone-based applications) and recent developments of sweat analysis tools, physicalactivity data and sweat analysis have certain limitations for providing meaningful or continuous health data. Another biofluid traditionally used by doctors is urine; the majority of people have experienced providing a urine sample in a cup for tests[22]. For long-term use, a variety of reliability concerns must be considered, including consistency in volume collection, fouling by protein cross-contamination, and effectiveness of the cleaning/flushing between collections
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