Long-term changes in the ghrelin-CB1R axis associated with the maintenance of lower body weight after sleeve gastrectomy.

C Fedonidis,X Koliou,E Tsirimonaki,N Alexakis,D Mangoura,O Asimaki

doi:10.1038/nutd.2014.24

Abstract

Objectives:In the hypothalamus, the molecular actions of receptors for growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin) receptor-GHSR, leptin receptor-b (LEPRb), Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) regulate energy homeostasis and body weight. We hypothesized that the acute loss of stomach tissue upon sleeve gastrectomy (SG), performed to treat obesity, imposes modulations on the expression of these receptors in the brain to sustain weight loss.Methods:Rats, induced to obesity with high-fat diet were randomized to SG- or sham-operation groups and killed at 30 or 90 days post surgery, when the expression of Ghrl, Mboat4 and Cnr1 in the stomach, and Ghsr, Leprb, Mc4r and Cnr1 in distinct brain areas was assessed by reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting.Results:SG acutely reduced body weight and fat mass and suppressed the remnant stomach mRNA levels of preproghrelin and ghrelin O-acyltransferase, which correlated well with long-term decreases in CB1R mRNA. In the hypothalamus, increases in GHSR and decreases in CB1R and LEPRb by 30 days were followed by further downregulation of CB1R and an increase in MC4R by 90 days.Conclusions:Post SG, acyl-ghrelin initiates a temporal hierarchy of molecular events in the gut-brain axis that may both explain the sustained lower body weight and suggest intervention into the cannabinoid pathways for additional therapeutic benefits.

Highlights

An established surgical procedure to effectively manage severe obesity is sleeve gastrectomy (SG),1,2 whereby resection of the greater curvature of the stomach reduces gastric volume by almost 80%
The gut-brain axis is controlled by the hypothalamus to maintain energy homeostasis through signaling of the membrane receptors growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), Leptin receptor-b (LEPRb), Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), and Cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R)
Exposed films were scanned for lower plasma levels of acyl-ghrelin following SG, we examined the expression of the preproghrelin gene

Summary

Introduction

An established surgical procedure to effectively manage severe obesity is sleeve gastrectomy (SG), whereby resection of the greater curvature of the stomach reduces gastric volume by almost 80%. Diet regimens fail to maintain weight loss through the regulation of hormonal levels, SG has long-lasting effects on loss of excess weight, as a unique hormonal balance is established between the plasma levels of ghrelin, the hormone that promotes food intake, and those of leptin that inhibits it.. Diet regimens fail to maintain weight loss through the regulation of hormonal levels, SG has long-lasting effects on loss of excess weight, as a unique hormonal balance is established between the plasma levels of ghrelin, the hormone that promotes food intake, and those of leptin that inhibits it.5–8 This balance leads to metabolic improvements and changes in food preferences, which shift from high fat foods to lower caloric foods.. Following SG, acute loss of excess weight up to 80% by the first year stabilizes at B50% by 6–8 years. diet regimens fail to maintain weight loss through the regulation of hormonal levels, SG has long-lasting effects on loss of excess weight, as a unique hormonal balance is established between the plasma levels of ghrelin, the hormone that promotes food intake, and those of leptin that inhibits it. This balance leads to metabolic improvements and changes in food preferences, which shift from high fat foods to lower caloric foods. The volume restrictive features of this procedure alone do not fully explain these effects, rather point out a centrally regulated interplay between the plasma levels of hormones that regulate energy homeostasis and their receptors in the brain.

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