Abstract

Ammonia is the most common contaminant in aquaculture systems. Due to the unexpected deterioration of natural seawater quality caused by harmful alga blooms in summer, the water exchange cycle for the culture ponds of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus, an important aquaculture species in China, is often much longer, and the crabs may be exposed to long-term ammonia stress. However, less information is available regarding the long-term effects of ammonia in marine decapod crustaceans. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the toxic effects of prolonged ammonia in decapods. In this study, alteration of histology, cellular stress responses (CSRs), and apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of P. trituberculatus, an important aquaculture species, during ammonia stress (5, 15, and 45 mg⋅L–1) for 1, 7, and 15 days and recovery at the normal condition for 7 days, were analyzed. Our results demonstrated a serious impact of long-term (15 days) ammonia stress by depressing crab CSR especially when ammonia concentration exceeds 15 mg⋅L–1. Overall, short- (1 day) and medium-term (7 days) ammonia stress induced CSR, evidenced by upregulated expression of the genes involved in antioxidant defense (SOD, CAT, and GPX), apoptosis (p53, Bax, and Caspase-3), heat shock response (HSR) (Hsp70 and Hsp90), unfolded protein response (UPR) (IRE1, ATF6, and XBP1), and DNA damage response (DDR) (ATR and DNA-PKcs). However, long-term (15 days) ammonia stress, especially when exposed to the ammonia of 15 and 45 mg⋅L–1, resulted in a higher level of apoptosis and severe damage of hepatopancreas, which may be related to the depressed CSR including antioxidant defense, HSR, UPR, and DDR. Notably, after recovery, the expressions of many genes involved in apoptosis, antioxidant response, HSR, UPR, and DDR in the groups exposed to ammonia at 15 and 45 mg⋅L–1 were still significantly different to that of the control group. In summary, care should be taken when P. trituberculatus is exposed to ammonia over 15 mg⋅L–1 especially when exposure duration is longer than 15 days, as the CSR could be compromised. This study provides a reference for a comprehensive understanding of CSR in decapod crustaceans under ammonia stress and will be beneficial for management in the intensive culture of the swimming crab.

Highlights

  • Ammonia is the most common contaminant in aquaculture systems and, the major limiting factor during aquaculture that causes massive mortality of culture animals and results in huge economic losses to the industry (Romano and Zeng, 2013; Wang et al, 2017; Zhao et al, 2020)

  • The hepatopancreatic cells in the MA (15 mg·L−1) and HA (45 mg·L−1) groups exhibited disintegration, tumefaction, and apoptotic characteristics. These results clearly demonstrated that long-term high environment ammonia (HEA) could cause hepatopancreatic damage in the swimming crab

  • The Keap1 expression was significantly downregulated in the MA and HA groups, accompanied by the upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) observed after ammonia exposure for days 1 and 7, as well as after recovery

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Summary

Introduction

Ammonia is the most common contaminant in aquaculture systems and, the major limiting factor during aquaculture that causes massive mortality of culture animals and results in huge economic losses to the industry (Romano and Zeng, 2013; Wang et al, 2017; Zhao et al, 2020) It typically presents in ionized (NH4+) and unionized (NH3) forms in water. The water exchange cycle of marine ponds along coastal areas in northern China is usually prolonged in summer to avoid the potential threat of harmful alga blooms in natural seawater This undoubtedly increased the risk for exposure of aquaculture animals to accumulated ammonia for a long period. It is essential to investigate the long-term effect of ammonia on aquaculture animals

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