Long-range propagation of ultrafast ionizing laser pulses in a resonant nonlinear medium

Abstract

We study the propagation of 0.05--1 TW power, ultrafast laser pulses in a 10-m-long rubidium vapor cell. The central wavelength of the laser is resonant with the ${D}_{2}$ line of rubidium, and the peak intensity is in the ${10}^{12}$--${10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ range, enough to create a plasma channel with single-electron ionization. We observe the absorption of the laser pulse for low energy, a regime of transverse confinement of the laser beam by the strong resonant nonlinearity for higher energies and the transverse broadening of the output beam when the resonant nonlinearity ceases due to the valence electrons all being removed during ionization. We compare experimental observations of the transmitted pulse energy and the transverse fluence profile with the results of computer simulations modeling pulse propagation. We find a qualitative agreement between theory and experiment that corroborates the validity of our propagation model. While the quantitative differences are substantial, the results show that the model can be used to interpret the observed phenomena in terms of self-focusing and channeling of the laser pulses by the saturable, resonant nonlinearity.