Long-range potential source contributions of episodic aerosol events to PM 10 profile of a megacity

Abstract

This paper evaluates possible long-range source contributions to the PM 10 profile of Istanbul, Turkey. A novel method for classifying PM 10 episodic events resulting from long-range transport, as opposed to local ones, was implemented. Hourly PM 10 mass concentrations from ten stations distributed throughout Istanbul during the year 2008 were used for this purpose. Hourly backward trajectories for the arrival of air masses to the center of Istanbul for the year 2008 were calculated using the HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model. Significant episodes from these backward trajectories were selected and employed in Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis to estimate the possible contribution of long-range PM 10 transport (LRPMT) to observed PM 10 concentrations. The PSCF results showed significant seasonal variations. Based on the results obtained, PM 10 concentrations observed in Istanbul during summer and autumn are not heavily affected by LRPMT. Mediterranean countries, especially those of the central part of northern Africa (northern Algeria and Libya) are the most significant potential PM 10 contributors to Istanbul's atmosphere during springtime. During winter, Balkan countries, including the Aegean part of Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Croatia, as well as northern Italy, eastern France, southern Germany, Austria and the eastern part of Russia, were the most important LRPMT source regions for high PSCF values.