Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are chemo-mechanical oscillators capable of generating long-range coordinated motions known as metachronal waves. Pair synchronization is a fundamental requirement for these collective dynamics, but it is generally not sufficient for collective phase-locking, chiefly due to the effect of long-range interactions. Here we explore experimentally and numerically a minimal model for a ciliated surface: hydrodynamically coupled oscillators rotating above a no-slip plane. Increasing their distance from the wall profoundly affects the global dynamics, due to variations in hydrodynamic interaction range. The array undergoes a transition from a traveling wave to either a steady chevron pattern or one punctuated by periodic phase defects. Within the transition between these regimes the system displays behavior reminiscent of chimera states.
Highlights
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are chemo-mechanical oscillators capable of generating long-range coordinated motions known as metachronal waves
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are chemo-mechanical oscillators that generate a variety of collective motions, which can be quantified with high-speed imaging in microfluidic environments [4,5,6]
The mutual interaction between their oscillatory flow fields can cause them to beat in synchrony [9], and larger ensembles of flagella demonstrate striking collective motions in the form of metachronal waves (MWs) [10,11,12,13], akin to the “Mexican wave” propagating around a packed stadium
Summary
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are chemo-mechanical oscillators capable of generating long-range coordinated motions known as metachronal waves. Long-range interactions, wobbles, and phase defects in chains of model cilia
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