Abstract
Whole genome transcriptomic analyses have identified numerous long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts that are increasingly implicated in cancer biology. LncRNAs are found to promote essential cancer cell functions such as proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, with the potential to serve as novel biomarkers of various cancers and to further reveal uncharacterized aspects of tumor biology. However, the biological and molecular mechanisms as well as the clinical applications of lncRNAs in diverse diseases are not completely understood, and remain to be fully explored. LncRNAs may be critical players and regulators in prostate cancer carcinogenesis and progression, and could serve as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer. This review focuses on lncRNA biomarkers that are already available for clinical use and provides an overview of lncRNA biomarkers that are under investigation for clinical development in prostate cancer.
Highlights
The search of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and MonitoringProstate cancer (PCa) is exemplified by PCA3, a well characterized lncRNA that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical decisions about repeat biopsy of prostate cancer [35]
Despite the fact that numerous non-coding transcripts are viewed as inconsequential transcriptional ‘noises’, lncRNAs have recently drawn the widespread attention of many scientists in their search for disease pathogenesis [92,93,94]
It is apparent that lncRNAs may possess significant biological functions in prostate physiology and pathophysiology, and play a critical role in PCa development, progression, diagnosis, prognosis, and management
Summary
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous malignancy among men in Western countries, and it remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in that group [1]. Positive predictive value of PSA screening is only approximately 25%–40% [8]. Due to the false-positive or false-negative results of PSA screening, only about 25% of men who underwent a prostate biopsy based on elevated PSA level (>4.0 ng/mL) were found to have PCa [3]. In addition to prostate cancer diagnosis and screening, serum PSA acts on monitoring prostate cancer progression. PCa patients are initially responsive to ADT, a large number of patients suffer from side effects, and after a median of approximately 24 months, advance to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) [12,13]. The serum PSA levels can serve as response indicator for PCa treatment, but it is not suitable or predictive for CRPC development based on serum PSA values
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