Abstract
The emergence of fine dust (FD) among air pollutants has taken a toll during the past few decades, and it has provided both controversy and a platform for open conversation amongst world powers for finding sustainable solutions and effective treatments for health issues. The present study emphasizes the protective effects of (–)-loliolide (HTT) isolated from Sargassum horneri against FD-induced oxidative stress in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The purification of (–)-loliolide was carried out by centrifugal partition chromatography. HTT did not show any cytotoxicity, and it further illustrated the potential to increase cell viability by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in FD-stimulated keratinocytes. Furthermore, HTT suppressed FD-stimulated DNA damage and the formation of apoptotic bodies, and it reduced the population of cells in the sub-G1 apoptosis phase. FD-induced apoptosis was advancing through the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway. The cytoprotective effects of the HTT against FD-stimulated oxidative damage is mediated through squaring the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway, dose-dependently increasing HO-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1) levels in the cytosol while concomitantly improving the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Future studies could implement the protective functionality of HTT in producing pharmaceuticals that utilize natural products and benefit the diseased.
Highlights
Air pollution has become one of the most debated environmental issues throughout the globe
Details of this isolation procedure were described in our previous publication [15]
fine dust (FD) had induced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to the control cell group while simultaneously reducing cell viability
Summary
Air pollution has become one of the most debated environmental issues throughout the globe. A real-time air quality index has been created to alert the public regarding levels of various air quality parameters, namely temperature, humidity, pressure, and pollutants such as nitric oxide (NO2(g) ), sulfur dioxide (SO2(g) ), and carbon monoxide (CO(g) ) with immediate updates. This system is operational in many cities around the globe. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 474 contributors to air pollution that is prominently observed in highly industrialized East Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea [1,2]. The above environmental hazards can cause various detrimental effects on human health, triggering allergic reactions and oxidative stress
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