Lokácia morálnych základov v priestore osobnostného modelu HEXACO

Abstract

In their recent taxonomy of intuitive ethics, Graham et al. (2011) proposed five moral foundations: 1) harm/care; 2) fairness/reciprocity; 3) ingroup/loyalty; 4) authority/respect, and 5) purity/sanctity. The main aim of this study was to locate these five moral foundations in the HEXACO personality model. The HEXACO model, proposed by Ashton and Lee (2001, 2007), consists of 6 dimensions of personality: honesty/humility, motionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Our aim was also to identify gender differences in moral foundations and personality dimensions. The research sample included 149 adult inhabitants of Slovakia. The mean age was 23.07 (SD = 4.83) and ranged from 18 to 40 years. Two questionnaires were utilized in this study: MFQ-30 (Graham et al., 2011) for measuring the five moral foundations and HEXACO-60 (Ashton & Lee, 2009) for measuring the six personality dimensions. A comparison of men and women showed that women scored higher in the moral foundation of harm/care, which is in line with the results of Niazi et al. (2020). According to Niazi et al. (2020) women scored higher than men also in moral foundations of fairness/reciprocity and purity/sanctity, however our results showed no gender differences in those moral foundations. Women scored higher than men also in personality dimensions of honesty/humility and emotionality, which is in line with the results of previous studies (Lee & Ashton 2004, 2006, 2018; Záškodná & Dostál, 2016). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the personality dimensions of HEXACO significantly predicted the moral foundations, explaining 7.40%–18.40% of the variance of moral foundations. Our findings do not differ significantly from the results of Međedović and Petrović (2016), who state that personality dimensions explain from 6% to 23% of moral foundations. The results of our study showed that the moral foundation of harm/care was best predicted by gender (woman), emotionality and extraversion. Fairness/reciprocity was best predicted by emotionality and extraversion, while ingroup/loyalty by emotionality, extraversion and openness to experience. The moral foundation of authority/respect was predicited by conscientiousness and emotionality and finally, purity/sanctity was best predicted by honesty/humility, emotionality and conscientiousness. Overall, the best predictors of moral foundations were personality dimensions of emotionality and extraversion. We would like to point out two interesting/surprising facts: 1) the personality dimension of honesty/ humility predicts just one moral foundation (purity/sanctity) and 2) the personality dimension of agreeableness is not related to moral foundations at all. Utilizing the personality dimensions, the moral foundations can be characterized as follows: Those who care are extroverted and emotional women. Fair and loyal people are emotional and extroverted, while loyal persons are also open to experience. Authority and sanctity could be characterized by conscientiousness and emotionality, while sanctity is also honest/humble. In conclusion, this is the first study in Slovakia that aims to locate five moral foundations in the area of six dimensions of the HEXACO personality model.