Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture contribute to climate change. The consequences of unsustainable agricultural activity are polluted water, soil, air, and food. The agricultural sector has become one of the major contributors to global GHG emissions and is the world’s second largest emitter after the energy sector, which includes emissions from power generation and transport. Latvian and Lithuanian agriculture generates about one fifth of GHG emissions, while Estonia generates only about one tenth of the country’s GHG emissions. This paper investigates the GHG trends in agriculture from 1995 to 2019 and the driving forces of changes in GHG emissions from the agricultural sectors in the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia), which are helpful for formulating effective carbon reduction policies and strategies. The impact factors have on GHG emissions was analysed by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method based on Kaya identity. The aim of this study is to assess the dynamics of GHG emissions in agriculture and to identify the factors that have had the greatest impact on emissions. The analysis of the research data showed that in all three Baltic States GHG emissions from agriculture from 1995 to 2001–2002 decreased but later exceeded the level of 1995 (except for Lithuania). The analysis of the research data also revealed that the pollution caused by animal husbandry activities decreased. GHG intensity declined by 2–3% annually, but the structure of agriculture remained relatively stable. The decomposition of GHG emissions in agriculture showed very large temporary changes in the analysed factors and the agriculture of the Baltic States. GHG emissions are mainly increased by pollution due to the growing economy of the sector, and their decrease is mainly influenced by two factors—the decrease in the number of people employed in the agriculture sector and the decreasing intensity of GHGs in agriculture. The dependence of the result on the factors used for the decomposition analysis was investigated by the method of multivariate regression analysis. Regression analysis showed that the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.93) was obtained for Estonian data and the lowest (R2 = 0.54) for Lithuanian data. In the case of Estonia, all factors were statistically significant; in the case of Latvia and Lithuania, one of the factors was statistically insignificant. The identified GHG emission factors allowed us to submit our insights for the reduction of emissions in the agriculture of the Baltic States.
Highlights
The rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and global warming are linked to greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), water vapor (H2 O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), through the greenhouse effect, which is a worldwide issue [1,2,3]
In this study we analysed and evaluated the sources and factors of GHG emissions in agriculture in the three Baltic States—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—and their impact on total GHG emissions using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method based on Kaya identity
The LMDI method based on Kaya identity allows for the quantification of the contributions of different factors to the overall change in GHG emissions
Summary
The rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and global warming are linked to greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), water vapor (H2 O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), through the greenhouse effect, which is a worldwide issue [1,2,3]. Agriculture is inevitably linked to climate change. CH4 is the third most important source of emissions from manure treatment, accounting for about 10%. The remaining sources make a relatively small contribution, accounting for less than 10% of total agricultural GHG emissions [10,11]. Greenhouse gases are all gases that can absorb infrared radiation (heat) due to their certain molecular structure. In the atmosphere, they play a very important role in trapping the heat that has reached the Earth and raising the temperature of the lower atmosphere [21]. Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU’s agricultural sector include national annual emissions indicators.
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