Log-concave polynomials, I: Entropy and a deterministic approximation algorithm for counting bases of matroids

Abstract

We give a deterministic polynomial-time 2O(r)-approximation algorithm for the number of bases of a given matroid of rank r and the number of common bases of any two matroids of rank r. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nontrivial deterministic approximation algorithm that works for arbitrary matroids. Based on a lower bound of Azar, Broder, and Frieze, this is almost the best possible result assuming oracle access to independent sets of the matroid. There are two main ingredients in our result. For the first, we build upon recent results of Adiprasito, Huh, Katz, and Wang on combinatorial Hodge theory to show that the basis generating polynomial of any matroid is a (completely) log-concave polynomial. Formally, we prove that the multivariate generating polynomial of the bases of any matroid is (and all of its directional derivatives along the positive orthant are) log-concave as functions over the positive orthant. For the second ingredient, we develop a general framework for approximate counting in discrete problems, based on convex optimization. The connection goes through subadditivity of the entropy. For matroids, we prove that an approximate superadditivity of the entropy holds by relying on the log-concavity of the basis generating polynomial.