Locus Amoenus and Locus Horridus in Ovid's Metamorphoses

Abstract

This paper investigates several aspects of the sophisticated deployment of the literary tradition of the locus amoenus (”pleasant place”) and locus horridus (”fearful place”) in the Metamorphoses of the Roman poet Ovid. Ovid draws on a series of poetic conventions associated with such literary landscapes in the work of his Augustan predecessors. Elegiac poets such as Tibullus imagine dallying with their mistresses in peaceful landscapes far away from the strife of war, political competition, or urban disorder. In the Eclogues of Vergil, the locus amoenus may function as a site of poetic power, where the landscape itself both inspires and responds to the singer. In contrast to the pleasure and inspiration associated with these sites elsewhere in Augustan literature, the locus amoenus in Ovid's Metamorphoses often becomes the site of violent rapes and physical transformations. For example, Jupiter's rape of Callisto occurs in such a pleasant spot, as does Narcissus' fatal act of self-contemplation. The peace and beauty of these sites are set in deliberate contrast with the violence of the actions that occur within them. The locus horridus in the Metamorphoses is typically inhabited by personifications such as Somnus (Sleep) or Fames (Hunger). Somnus' sleep-inducing castle and the bare crag occupied by Fames show the inseparability of the personifications from their functions. They transform the landscape as well as their human victims into versions of themselves. Both types of Ovidian locus inspire the description of similar allegorical sites in later medieval and Renaissance poetry.This paper examines how the descriptions of such places in the Metamorphoses form part of the poem's construction of its physical, moral, and literary universe. The vision developed throughout the Metamorphoses of the relationship between human being and natural landscape contrasts sharply with earlier Latin poetry. The metamorphosis of characters into parts of the natural landscape (Daphne into a laurel tree; Cyane into a pool, and so forth) disturbs the stable boundaries that might otherwise be drawn between figure and background. Such descriptions also serve aetiological purposes: the poem points to the features of today's landscape as authority for the events narrated within it. Ovid's descriptions of landscape, finally, are always intertextual and metapoetic. By showing the operations of amor (passion), cupido (desire), furor (madness), and other passions on both character and landscape, they assist the poet in defining the character of a multigeneric work that combines aspects of both epic and elegiac literary tradition.