Locoregional Flap Reconstruction of the Distal Third of the Leg - What Role Does it Have in a Modern Reconstructive Algorithm?

Abstract

Reconstruction of traumatic defects of the lower third of the leg poses a challenge due to limited locoregional options. Failed coverage can be associated with prolonged hospital stay, infection, loss of function, and unplanned return to surgery. Over the last few decades, free tissue transfer has dominated reconstructive algorithms for such defects; however, locoregional flaps may provide equally effective coverage in select patients. In the wake of the CODID-19 pandemic, locoregional flaps gained more consideration due to limited resources. We present a literature review and discussion of locoregional flaps, with emphasis on the quality and efficacy of these reconstructive modalities compared with free tissue transfer and surgical indications.Soleus flaps, reverse sural flaps, and cutaneous perforator-based flaps are workhorses for small to medium size defects of the distal third of the leg, even in the setting of concomitant orthopedic trauma and exposed vital structures. It is important to consider such alternatives an integral part of the reconstructive algorithm as they can provide durable coverage with a favorable complication profile with less resource utilization. Appropriate patient selection requires consideration of the character of the defect, smoking status, preexisting vascular disease, and the zone of injury.