Abstract
Understanding how animals move within their environment is a burgeoning field of research. Despite this, relatively basic data, such as the locomotor speeds that animals choose to walk at in the wild, are sparse. If animals choose to walk with dynamic similarity, they will move at equal dimensionless speeds, represented by Froude number (Fr). Fr may be interpreted from simple limb kinematics obtained from video data. Here, using Internet videos, limb kinematics were measured in 112 bird and mammal species weighing between 0.61 and 5400 kg. This novel method of data collection enabled the determination of kinematics for animals walking at their self-selected speeds without the need for exhaustive fieldwork. At larger sizes, both birds and mammals prefer to walk at slower relative speeds and relative stride frequencies, as preferred Fr decreased in larger species, indicating that Fr may not be a good predictor of preferred locomotor speeds. This may result from the observation that the minimum cost of transport is approached at lower Fr in larger species. Birds walk with higher duty factors, lower stride frequencies and longer stance times compared to mammals at self-selected speeds. The trend towards lower preferred Fr is also apparent in extinct vertebrate species.
Highlights
Understanding how animals move within their environment is a burgeoning field of research
Terrestrial locomotion forms a significant portion of daily activity for many vertebrates and is energetically costly, yet studies of animals walking in the wild at self-selected speeds are few[1,2,3]
It follows that if there is an optimal pattern of movement that minimizes the gross metabolic cost of transport (CoT), we might expect animals to move at equal values of Froude number (Fr)
Summary
Understanding how animals move within their environment is a burgeoning field of research. Kinematic parameters are intimately linked to the work requirements of walking and to the CoT (assuming a relationship between mechanical and metabolic cost) but are rarely quantified outside of the laboratory Such field data, in which animals are self-selecting their walking speeds, are critical in understanding the pattern of energy use of animals in their natural environments. Because the idea of dynamic similarity is underpinned by geometric similarity, the hypothesis that dynamic similarity would only hold within class groups was investigated
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