Abstract
In this paper, a locational marginal pricing algorithm is proposed to control the voltage in unbalanced distribution grids. The increasing amount of photovoltaic (PV) generation installed in the grid may cause the voltage to rise to unacceptable levels during periods of low consumption. With locational prices, the distribution system operator can steer the reactive power consumption and active power curtailment of PV panels to guarantee a safe network operation. Flexible loads also respond to these prices. A distributed gradient algorithm automatically defines the locational prices that avoid voltage problems. Using these locational prices results in a minimum cost for the distribution operator to control the voltage. Locational prices can differ between the three phases in unbalanced grids. This is caused by a higher consumption or production in one of the phases compared to the other phases and provides the opportunity for arbitrage, where power is transferred from a phase with a low price to a phase with a high price. The effect of arbitrage is analyzed. The proposed algorithm is applied to an existing three-phase four-wire radial grid. Several simulations with realistic data are performed.
Highlights
The electricity grid is going through a transition period
If the distribution system operators (DSOs) knows the consumption of the PV panels and of the flexible loads during the voltage measurement, he can calculate the effect that these have on the voltage measurement with the voltage sensitivity factors
A locational pricing algorithm that takes into account the voltage limitations of unbalanced three-phase, four-wire radial networks is proposed
Summary
The electricity grid is going through a transition period. A high penetration of PV panels and the ongoing electrification of the transport system requires new strategies for the operation and management of the electricity grid. Flexible loads, like electric vehicles, can increase or decrease their consumption to regulate the grid voltage [7] All of these methods are effective at managing the grid voltage, but do not give a real-time incentive to the customers to control the voltage. The distribution system operator can adapt the real-time energy price to keep the voltage within limits. This price will give an incentive to inject or consume reactive power to control the voltage or, if necessary, to curtail active power or adapt the consumption of the flexible load.
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