Abstract
Muscles control body movement and locomotion, posture and body position and soft tissue support. Mesoderm derived cells gives rise to 700 unique muscles in humans as a result of well-orchestrated signaling and transcriptional networks in specific time and space. Although the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles is similar, their functions and locations are specialized. This is the result of specific signaling as the embryo grows and cells migrate to form different structures and organs. As cells progress to their next state, they suppress current sequence specific transcription factors (SSTF) and construct new networks to establish new myogenic features. In this review, we provide an overview of signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks during formation of the craniofacial, cardiac, vascular, trunk, and limb skeletal muscles.
Highlights
In mammals, skeletal muscles begin to develop shortly after gastrulation and potentially can continue developing throughout their life
Ingressing mesodermal cells migrate and populate underneath the ectoderm layer to form the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), whereas the others subdivide into the paraxial (PM) and intermediate mesoderm
Craniofacial muscles and cardiac muscle originate from the unsegmented PM, whereas, the skeletal muscles of body and limbs originate from the segmented PM that gives rise to somites (Figure 1a) [1]
Summary
Skeletal muscles begin to develop shortly after gastrulation and potentially can continue developing throughout their life. Ectoderm, RA and FGF set fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are emitteddorsal from laminae, the neural notochord, dorsal up the anterior-posterior cues respectively in early gastrulation. Mouse chick differentiation growth inhibition fetal myogenesis; migration of muscle progenitor cells chick frog colloid-like 1. Fgf caudal end of embryo inhibition of muscle pioneer cells fish chick fish murine myoblasts fly chick chick; mouse terminal muscle differentiation tendon formation somitic muscle formation myotubes formation mesodermal cell migration mesodermal cell migration myoblast proliferation [19,24,25]. Neural Tube, Notochord chick fish chick fish chick chick mouse somitogenesis formation of slow muscle precursor cells induction of myogenesis inhibition of pax3/7; activation of myf and myod induction of pax and myod activation of slow MyHC epaxial and hypaxial myogenesis [71]. Activation of Myf and Myod in paraxial mesoderm activation of Pax, Paraxis, Myf, Myog, Desmin and
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
