Localization of T Helper Cell Epitopes in the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: The Nucleoprotein Is Responsible for Serotype Cross-Reactive T Help

Abstract

The glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is known to contain the biologically relevant sites for virus-neutralizing antibodies as well as T helper (Th) cell epitopes. The capacity of other VSV proteins to elicit potent Th cell responses has not yet been investigated. Additionally, a short-lived cross-reactivity between the two serologically distinct VSV serotypes Indiana (IND) and New Jersey (NJ) on the T helper cell level has been reported. Here we address the question of whether the VSV nucleoprotein (N) or matrix protein (M) can elicit T help to VSV-G-specific B cells and which of the VSV proteins contains the elements responsible for the IND/NJ cross-reactivity. The N, G, and M of the VSV Indiana serotype produced in a recombinant baculovirus system were assayed for the ability to activate VSV-specific Th cells to induce immunoglobulin class switch of neutralizing antibody responses in vivo in C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice. All three VSV-IND proteins helped in the production of neutralizing IgG antibodies to the homologous VSV-Indiana serotype but only VSV-IND N was able to trigger an IgG response to the heterologous VSV-New Jersey serotype. This data suggest that Th epitope(s) in the VSV-IND N are responsible for the observed cross-reactivity of T helper cells.