Abstract
Somatostatin is a 14-amino-acid polypeptide that is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It potently inhibits basal and stimulated secretion from a wide variety of endocrine and exocrine cells and functions as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the central nervous system with effects on locomotor activity and cognitive function. Somatostatin also has antiproliferative effects and may be an important hormonal regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent studies have shown that the physiological effects of somatostatin are mediated by a family of somatostatin receptors. They are all predicted to be membrane glycoproteins with seven {alpha}-helical membrane-spanning regions and members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The receptors have been named, chronologically, sst{sub 1}, sst{sub 2}, and sst{sub 3}. However, the sequence of a fourth subtype was determined simultaneously by two different groups, and sst{sub 4} was assigned to two proteins of different sequence and functional properties. The nomenclature of these two proteins has been resolved, with the sst{sub 4} and the sst{sub 5} receptors denoting the proteins cloned by Bruno et. al. and O`Carroll et. al., respectively. 9 refs., 1 fig.
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