Local-Scale Bat Guild Activity Differs with Rice Growth Stage at Ground Level in the Philippines

Jodi L Sedlock,Alexander M Stuart,Phillip A Alviola,Angela Como Jacobson,James D V Alvarez,Buyung Hadi,Finbarr G Horgan

doi:10.3390/d11090148

Abstract

High-flying insectivorous bats, as wide-ranging generalist insectivores, are valuable consumers of high-altitude migrating pests of rice in Southeast Asia. Here, we documented the behavior of relatively low-flying bats over irrigated rice to elucidate their potential role as predators of rice-associated pest insects in the Philippines. Specifically, we tested the local-scale effects of rice stage, particularly seedling and late vegetative stages, and time of night on acoustic activity of bats foraging near ground level within three functional guilds (based on foraging distance from background clutter). We also monitored bat activity from two 50 m-high towers to assess the vertical extent of relatively low-flying guilds, as well as document high-flying bat guild presence and temporal behavior. At ground level, the most active guild biased their activity and feeding over early growth stage fields, but also foraged at tower level. Activity of the bat guild adept at foraging closest to vegetation did not vary with time of night or rice stage and was absent from tower recordings. High-flying bats were predictably rare at rice level, but exhibited high foraging intensity at 50 m. Given the well-documented, sequential arrival of insect guilds with growth stage, these data suggest that at ground level edge-space bats may be important consumers of detritivores (e.g., mosquitoes). Moreover, our data suggest that just as habitat heterogeneity enhances the services of arthropod predators, these management practices also enhance bat activity and, presumably, their contribution to pest suppression.

Highlights

Unlike many staple crops, irrigated rice represents a species-rich and complex ecosystem that provides habitat for a diversity of vertebrates [1,2,3,4] and invertebrates [5]
Integrated pest management (IPM) [6] and ecological engineering [7,8] capitalize on the food web complexity of this agroecosystem—especially a rich arthropod community—to control insect pests
We located a small colony of Pipistrellus javanicus in another building, from which we captured 10 adult females

Summary

Introduction

Unlike many staple crops, irrigated rice represents a species-rich and complex ecosystem that provides habitat for a diversity of vertebrates [1,2,3,4] and invertebrates [5]. Integrated pest management (IPM) [6] and ecological engineering [7,8] capitalize on the food web complexity of this agroecosystem—especially a rich arthropod community—to control insect pests. These pests include herbivores and disease vectors that reduce crop yields [9,10,11], and mosquito disease vectors responsible for the spread of Japanese encephalitis, dengue and malaria [12,13]. In pesticide-free paddies, natural enemies such as spiders, beetles, and dragonflies, among others, suppress these pests, and can benefit from ecological intensification practices, such as habitat-enhancing bund crops [8,14,15]. As highly mobile insectivores, may contribute to the suppression of rice-associated insect pests.

Methods

Results

Conclusion