Abstract
Effective converse piezoelectric coefficient (d33,eff) mapping of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers with ceramic BaTiO3 nanoparticle inclusions obtained by electrospinning was carried out by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) in a peculiar dynamic mode, namely constant-excitation frequency-modulation (CE-FM), particularly suitable for the analysis of compliant materials. Mapping of single nanocomposite fibers was carried out to demonstrate the ability of CE-FM-PFM to investigate the nanostructure of semicrystalline polymers well above their glass transition temperature, such as PVDF, by revealing the distribution of piezoelectric activity of the nanofiber, as well as of the embedded nanoparticles employed. A decreased piezoelectric activity at the nanoparticle site compared to the polymeric fiber was found. This evidence can be rationalized in terms of a tradeoff between the dielectric constants and piezoelectric coefficients of the component materials, as well as on the mutual orientation of polar axes.
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